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Is the cornerstone of yen arbitrage collapsing? The underlying logic of soaring Japanese government bond yields
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Hello everyone, today XM Forex will bring you "[XM Foreign Exchange Market xm-forex.commentary]: Is the cornerstone of Japanese yen arbitrage collapsing? The deep logic behind the surge in Japanese government bond yields." Hope this helps you! The original content is as follows:
Recently, Japanese government bond yields have shown the characteristics of "continuing to rise after stabilizing at high levels": the 10-year benchmark yield reached a high point during the year on November 20 and then maintained a high range. As of late November, it was around 1.800%, a significant increase from 1.645% at the end of September; the yield of ultra-long-term government bonds has risen simultaneously, reflecting the market's dual sensitivity to supply pressure and policy shifts. The trend does not exist in isolation, but is the result of the joint action of fiscal expansion, reform of the issuance mechanism, normalization of monetary policy and changes in the external environment.
Domestic inflation expectations remain high, and bonds need interest rate xm-forex.compensation
Treasury bond yields are approximately equal to nominal interest rates + inflation expectations + risk premiums. The latest Bank of Japan Policy xm-forex.committee report shows that the Japanese economy is in a transition period from long-term deflation to simultaneous growth in prices and wages. It faces multiple challenges such as new U.S. tariff policies, rising domestic prices, and monetary policy adjustments.
Inflation expectations have continued to be above the 2% target since the spring of 2022. It was initially driven by rising energy and food prices, and fell back to 2.0%-2.5% in mid-2024. It then accelerated again due to the surge in rice and imported food prices, which led to the need for interest rate xm-forex.compensation in government bond yields and continued to soar.
Fiscal expansion is implemented: the scale of bond issuance is controllable but supply concerns are brewing
One of the core incentives supporting the rise in yields is the Japanese government's supplementary budget and bond issuance plan.
According to disclosures, the Japanese government plans to raise funds for a supplementary budget totaling 18.3 trillion yen through the issuance of an additional 11.7 trillion yen in government bonds. The remaining gaps will be filled through tax surplus, non-tax revenue and carryover funds from the previous fiscal year.
Although this fiscal yearThe total amount of government bond issuance was controlled at 40.3 trillion yen, lower than the 42.1 trillion yen in the previous fiscal year, in line with Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi's xm-forex.commitment, but the new bond issuance still caused market concerns about oversupply of debt.
At the same time, the Bank of Japan has recently announced a balance sheet reduction plan and will reduce the purchase of government bonds, resulting in pressure on interest rates.
This concern is directly transmitted to the bond market: since November, the price of Japanese government bonds has continued to weaken, and the yield has passively risen; and this Friday, the Ministry of Finance will further fine-tune the bond issuance plan to provide additional funds for the fiscal expenditure plan. In the short term, supply-side pressure may continue to amplify, supporting the maintenance of high yields.
Reform of the issuance mechanism: focusing on structural optimization and risk mitigation
In order to alleviate the market's anxiety about supply uncertainty, the Japanese Ministry of Finance is promoting major adjustments to the bond issuance mechanism - launching a mid-year review mechanism for the annual bond issuance plan, which is initially scheduled to be implemented on a regular basis in June each year.
This reform originated from the market fluctuations in June this year: at that time, ultra-long-term government bonds suffered a concentrated sell-off, which exposed the shortcomings of the original issuance mechanism's lack of dynamic adjustment flexibility, and the mid-year review will improve the transparency and predictability of the issuance plan.
At the same time, market consensus promotes the optimization of issuance structure: participating institutions generally recommended reducing the scale of ultra-long-term treasury bonds such as 30-year bonds, and appropriately expanding the supply of short- and medium-term varieties with maturities of 2, 5, and 10 years. This adjustment not only meets the market's need to avoid the risk of long-term interest rate fluctuations, but also meets allocation needs through highly liquid short- and medium-term varieties, reduces disturbance to the yield curve, and indirectly alleviates the pressure on the Japanese yen exchange rate.
Monetary policy shift: The rise in yields resonates with the Bank of Japan's position losses
The normalization process of the Bank of Japan's monetary policy is the key driving force for the upward movement of the yield center.
As the central bank began to shift towards raising interest rates, government bond yields continued to surge, causing its government bond holdings to record a record unrealized loss of 32.826 trillion yen (approximately US$210.34 billion) in the first half of this fiscal year, further expanding from 28.625 trillion yen in the first half of the year.
Although the Bank of Japan emphasized that "positions are held until maturity and losses do not affect the implementation of monetary policy," the market is worried that the Sanae government's expansionary policies will increase the debt burden and push yields to continue to rise.
External environment linkage: indirect impact of Fed policy expectations
U.S. monetary policy trends indirectly affect Japanese government bond yields through exchange rates and capital flows.
New York Fed President Williams issued a dovish signal that "there is still room for an interest rate cut in December." Coupled with weak economic data on the eve of Thanksgiving in the United States, the market's pricing for the Fed's interest rate cut in December has risen from 9 basis points on November 20 to 20 basis points.
This expectation led to a correction in the U.S. dollar but continued weakness in the yen: Although the rise in Japanese government bond yields should have supported the yen, the expectation of an interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve weakened the attractiveness of interest rate spreads, coupled with concerns about the supply of the domestic bond market, increased short-term depreciation pressure on the yen, and then reversed.This forces the Bank of Japan to accelerate the pace of policy adjustments, forming a cycle of "rising yields - depreciation of the yen - and heightened expectations for interest rate hikes".
Follow-up focus: Policy balance and key points in market gaming
The future trend of Japanese government bond yields will depend on three core variables: First, the specific intensity of the Ministry of Finance’s bond issuance fine-tuning, especially whether the expansion of short- and medium-term varieties can alleviate long-term supply anxiety The second is the Bank of Japan’s December policy resolution. If interest rates are raised as scheduled, it may inhibit the rapid rise in yields, which may otherwise push yields above previous highs. The third is the implementation of the Fed’s December interest rate cut. If the rate cut is larger than expected, it may further suppress the yen and indirectly push up Japanese government bond yields.
The market generally believes that the current Japanese bond market has partially digested the impact of fiscal expansion and policy shifts, but concerns about debt sustainability have not yet been fully released. In the follow-up, we need to focus on the specific extent of the reduction of ultra-long-term government bond issuance, the pace of the Bank of Japan's interest rate hikes, and changes in the allocation demand of global funds for the Japanese bond market. These factors will jointly determine the next stage of yield trends.
The above content is all about "[XM Foreign Exchange Market xm-forex.commentary]: The cornerstone of Japanese yen arbitrage is collapsing? The deep logic behind the surge in Japanese government bond yields". It was carefully xm-forex.compiled and edited by the editor of XM Foreign Exchange. I hope it will be helpful to your trading! Thanks for the support!
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